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Initially, the comparison related to fixed feed-in tariffs and competitive bidding systems. Now it has been extended to cover green certificate mechanisms because of the central role that these certificates may be called upon to play in the context of a harmonised European policy for supporting renewable energy resources. Philippe Menanteau is also involved in a new area of research, that of distributed electricity production, which has for a long time been considered to be just a pipe dream. Now, however, it is developing fast in some countries because of the combined effects of technological development, the deregulation of the energy industry and the strengthening of environmental restrictions. The aim of this research is to study the possibility that a new paradigm of electricity production / distribution set up around these technological developments. Previously, Philippe Menanteau's work was on the subject of end-use efficient technologies. He has also been working on the conditions under which new supply technology appear and develop in a context of more stringent environmental constraints. Applied to two technology of potential importance in a perspective of sustainable development, namely wind power and photovoltaic, this research mainly involved the analysis of technological learning dynamics and the market barriers raised by existing energy systems and technologies. Philippe Menanteau also managed a Co-ordinated Research Action Plan as part of CNRS's ECODEV programme, on the dissemination of more efficient technology in the residential electricity sector. Most notably, this multidisciplinary research allowed the efficiency of market transformation instruments such as information, financial incentives (purchase subsidies), energy labelling or minimum energy performance standards to be evaluated in the lighting and cold appliances sectors. Before joining IEPE he conducted research with CIRED into the issue of rural electrification in developing countries. He then contributed to the development of technical co-operation between the French and European local authorities in the field of urban energy and environment policy within "Energie-Cités". He is a member of the Scientific
and Technical Committee of the French World Environment Trust.
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